Biodegradable vs. Compostable: What’s the Difference?

You’ve probably noticed biodegradable and compostable labels on products made with plastics or fibers. Many companies are targeting eco-conscious consumers willing to pay more for sustainable products, hoping to market their goods as environmentally friendly. The most common labels you see are biodegradable, compostable, or oxo-degradable.

FTC Guidelines and Regulations

In 1992, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued the Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims, also known as the Green Guides. These guides provide specific instructions for companies on making environmental benefit claims about their products. The FTC Act allows the commission to penalize brands that make false or misleading environmental statements. States like California have regulations requiring companies to provide scientific proof that their products deliver the environmental benefits claimed on their labels or advertisements. With this context, let’s dive into what these labels mean.

The Difference Between Biodegradable and Compostable

The term “biodegradable” is a broad label for all bioplastics that can break down into water, carbon dioxide, or organic materials with the help of microorganisms over time. Technically, given enough time or the right conditions, all materials will biodegrade. Companies often specify the conditions under which their products will biodegrade, leading to the term “compostable.”

Compostable products are evaluated and certified by third parties to meet international standards, such as ASTM D6400, EN 13432, or ISO 17088, ensuring they break down fully in industrial composting facilities. Materials that meet ASTM D6400, EN 13432, or ISO 17088 must decompose by at least 90% within 180 days in industrial composting environments, typically under heated and moist aerobic conditions (with oxygen). The resulting compost is a valuable mix of organic matter and water, free from toxic residues.

Industrial vs. Home Composting

Unless stated otherwise, products labeled as compostable must be processed in designated municipal composting facilities and cannot be composted at home. Certified compostable materials often require higher temperatures found only in industrial settings to biodegrade efficiently or may not biodegrade at all outside these conditions. It’s crucial to note that while all compostable products are biodegradable, not all biodegradable products are compostable. This distinction is essential for waste management.

Legislative Changes and Marketing Restrictions

Due to these concerns, states are tightening laws to restrict the marketing of biodegradable products. These legislative changes are happening not just in the U.S. but internationally. By 2026, the European Union will enforce stringent laws prohibiting companies from using terms like “eco” and “climate neutral” without solid evidence.